Melanoma: Understanding the Risks and Treatment Options

Melanoma is a serious and potentially deadly form of skin cancer. Although it is less common than other types of skin cancer, melanoma accounts for the majority of skin cancer-related deaths in the United States. When detected early, melanoma is highly treatable and curable, but if left untreated, it can spread to other parts of the body, making treatment more challenging. Anyone, regardless of skin color, can develop melanoma, though it is most commonly seen in individuals with fair skin. Other risk factors include having more than 50 moles or a history of excessive sun exposure or tanning bed use. According to the American Academy of Dermatology, individuals who frequent tanning salons are 75% more likely to develop melanoma compared to those who do not use tanning beds.

Did You Know?

Melanomas cannot be diagnosed by appearance alone; a biopsy is required for a definitive diagnosis. However, you can spot potential warning signs by evaluating moles using the “ABCDEs” of melanoma detection:

• Asymmetry – One half of the mole does not match the other.
• Borders – Melanomas typically have irregular, undefined edges.
• Color – A melanoma may feature multiple shades, including brown, black, or even red or blue.
• Diameter – The lesion is often larger than 6mm, although it can be smaller.
• Evolving – Melanomas often change in size, shape, or color over time.

In addition to these characteristics, melanomas may bleed, itch, or cause pain and irritation, unlike benign moles.

Frequently Asked Questions

Should I be screened for melanoma?

If you have a mole or skin lesion that appears unusual or has changed over time, it is important to see a dermatologist for evaluation. Melanoma can affect anyone, including young adults and teenagers, so regular skin checks are crucial for early detection. The only way to confirm whether a mole is melanoma is through a biopsy. Early detection and treatment significantly improve the chances of a successful outcome.

What treatments are available for melanoma?

If melanoma is suspected, your dermatologist may perform a biopsy to determine the type and stage of the lesion. If the biopsy confirms melanoma, treatment will depend on the stage of the cancer. Early-stage melanomas that have not spread beyond the skin can often be removed surgically in an office setting. For more advanced cases, additional treatments such as lymph node removal, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy may be necessary.

What can I expect after treatment?

The prognosis for melanoma largely depends on the stage at which it is diagnosed. Early-stage melanomas, which are caught before they spread, have a high cure rate, with up to 97% of patients returning to normal life after treatment. In contrast, the 5-year survival rate for stage 3 melanoma (when the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes) ranges from 40% to 78%. Regardless of the stage of melanoma, it is crucial to take preventive measures to reduce the risk of recurrence, including wearing sunscreen daily, avoiding tanning beds, and minimizing sun exposure.